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BATTLE OF YORKTOWN REVOLUTIONARY WAR GUNBOAT FOUND ON
AMERICAN REVOLUTION BOTTOM OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN
THE BATTLE OF BUNK HILL COLONIST BURN REVENUE CUTTER GASPEE 1772
THE BOSTON MASSACRE REVOLUTIONARY WAR WEAPONS
THE BOSTON MASSACRE2 COLONIST RESPOND WITH BOYCOTT 1767
SONS OF LIBERTY ORGANIZED-1765 STAMP TAX PASSED, COLONIES PROTEST- 1765
BRITISH IMPOSE NEW TAXES BOSTON TEA PARTY 1774
COERCIVE ACTS IMPOSED BY BRITISH 1774 FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS MEETS
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Despite the hardships at Valley Forge, the Continental army refused to surrender. Their perseverance was rewarded--the French joined the war on the side of the colonies. The Marquis de Lafayette convinced the French government to send troops to aid General Washington and provide needed supplies. The Count de Rochambeau was assigned to command the French troops, and Lafayette commanded an America division.
In September, 1787, the Continental army engaged British General Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown. While Lafayette and Rochambeau's men fortified the Continental army, Admiral de Grasses's French fleet defeated Admiral Grave's British fleet at sea. Grave's retreat sealed the fate of Cornwallis's army since de Grasses's fleet blocked any rescue attempt from the Yorktown peninsula by sea. As teh inevitable end drew near, Cornwallis attempted an escape.
On the evening of October 16, Cornwallis began transferring his army from Yorktown across the York River to Gloucester Point. Although only 16 boats were available for the operation, all went well until the weather abruptly changed. According to Cornwallis' report:
"A most violent storm of wind and rain... drove all of the boats, some of which had troops on board, down the river."
The failure of this plan forced Cornwallis to surrender. On November 15, 1781, General George Washing ton wrote to Thomas McKean, president of the Continental Congress:
"I take particular pleasure in acknowledging that the interposing Hand of Heaven, in the various instances of our extensive Preparation for this Operation [Yorktown], has been most conspicuous and remarkable."
The Battle of Yorktown is regarded as the decisive battle in our war for independence. Yet the details documenting the hand of divine Providence, as recored by those involved in the conflict, are unknown by many Americans.
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The American Revolution ended two centuries of British rule for most of the North American colonies and created the modern United State of America. The Revolutionary era was both exhilarating and disturbing----a time of progress for some, dislocation for others. In the wake of the Revolution came events as varied as the drafting and ratification of the Constitution of the United State of America and the rebellions of slaves who saw the contrast between slavery and proclamations of liberty. The television series Liberty! offers us a chance to learn about the Revolution and to reflect on the Revolutionary legacy. The Revolution website offers a chance to join in national discussions of American revolutionary origins.
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The Battle of bunker Hill was an important and decisive battle in the Revolutionary War. Several important events contributed to this battle. Quite a few famous people were involved with this battle. The most important part is what affect it had on the outcome of the war and our history.
Many people call this the battle of Bunker Hill, but the fighting really took place on Breeds Hill, which is an adjoining hill. People may call it the Battle of Bunker Hill because it is the bigger of the two hills. Bunker Hill did play a roll in the battle though, the Americans retreated and regrouped at Bunker Hill.
There are several important events that led up to the battle and caused it. After receiving a message that the British were going to secure the two hills on the peninsula across from Boston (Boston was separated from the peninsula by Boston Harbor) the Americans decided to invade that area, and they did. They were also starting to build a fort on it, because at that position they could lob cannon shells into Boston easily, and then the Americans could take over Boston, (Which was a British stronghold). The colonists also wanted to get Lexington. A spy brought news to the Americans that the British General Gage ordered about seven-thousand men to take out the twenty-thousand men American makeshift army at Bunker Hill. Gage did this because he was furious that the colonists were building a fort right across from Boston.
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The British government passed many new tax laws on the American colonies. The colonies got very angry when British soldiers were sent to enforce these tax law and to collect the taxes. These soldiers were not welcome in Boston. They were often teased by the people in Boston. One day in March 5th, 170, a group of boys threw snow balls to tease the British. The soldiers fired into a crowd of people and killed 5 Americans. A famous black person, Crisps Attacks was killed that day. This incident was called the Boston Massacre and led to the Revolutionary War.
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The Boston Massacre Was and event that led up to the Revolutionary War. Many important events led up to the massacre. It was called a massacre by the use of propaganda. It mainly started by the British trying to enforce laws.
The Boston Massacre wasn’t really a massacre, but more like a riot. In fact only five people died.
British Soldiers were sent to America to enforce the Proclamation and to maintain order but their presence just made matter worse.
It all started March 5 by a couple of boys throwing snowballs at British soldiers. A crown soon gathered throwing ice and making fun of them. Soon after, the British started firing wildly. Other weapons were clubs, knives, swords, and a popular weapon, your own bare hands.
The people that died are: Crispus Attacks, one of the more famous people who was an African American sailor, Samuel Gray, a worker at rope walk, James Caldwell, a mate on a American ship, Samuel Maverick, who was a young seventeen year old male, and Patrick Carr, a feather maker.
The purpose of the Boston Massacre was to try to make liberal and moderate people become radicals. It was really an accident and the radicals tried to use propaganda and turn something small into something big. The British soldiers were accused of Murder and manslaughter. To represent them was John Adams, a relative of Samuel Adams. Adams wanted the trial to get over and didn’t want the truth to come out. The Boston Massacre and misleading visual representation by Paul Revere could have been one cause of a later war.
The Boston Massacre increased the hatred between the Americans and the British. The radical people tried to use this minor event as propaganda. Paul Revere and Samuel Adams were happy the few colonists died because they used it as propaganda so the colonist would get mad at the British. Whenever the word propaganda is used it means the truth is stretched.
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| Revolutionary
War gunboat found on bottom of Lake
Champlain FERRISBURG, Vt. (AP) - A Revolutionary War gunboat used 220 years ago by Benedict Arnold has been discovered on the bottom of Lake Champlain in what one Naval historian says may be the most significant maritime discovery of the past half century. Art Cohn, head of the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum, said Monday the 54-foot vessel is ``in an excellent state of preservation, sitting upright on the bottom, its mast still standing over 50 feet high and its large bow cannon still in place.'' Cohn said the boat was found in early June during an on-going sonar survey of the 115-mile long lake. ``This could prove to be the most significant maritime discovery is American history in the last half century,'' said Philip Lundeberg, curator emeritus of Naval History at the Smithsonian Institute's American History Museum. ``The apparently excellent condition of the gunboat is highly unusual for an artifact this old and is one of the reasons the discovery is so significant.'' The gunboat was part of a 15-ship squadron led by Arnold in the ``Battle of Valcour Island'' in 1776. Lake Champlain divides New York and Vermont but was of strategic importance in the Revolutionary War because the lake reaches up into Canada. American forces took control of the lake in 1775 and used it to invade British Canada. That campaign failed, leaving a 10,000-man British force poised to move through the colonies. American forces, led by Arnold, met the British fleet Oct. 11, 1776 in what has become known as the ``Battle of Valcour Island.'' The Americans lost. Only four of the original 15 vessels survived. One of the gunboats, the Philadelphia, was found and raised in 1935. It is located at the Smithsonian. Cohn said no decision has been made on whether to leave the ship in place or to raise it. He said the museum will be working with the Navy and the states of New York and Vermont to develop a plan. |
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Colonist Burn Revenue Cutter Gaspee 1772
On the afternoon of June 9th, 1772 the British revenue schooner the Gaspee ran aground, south of Providence, Rhode Island. That night eight boatloads of men led by merchant John Brown stormed the ship. After overwhelmong the crew they bunred the ship. The British government announced that when the perpetrators were caught they would be tried in England and not in the colonies. None of the perpetrators were discovered by the British.
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In the summer of 1766, King George III of England replaced Prime Minister Rockingham with William Pitt. Pitt was popular in the colonies. He opposed the Stamp Act and believed that colonists were entitled to all the rights of English citizens.
Pitt suddenly became sick. Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer, took over the effective reins of the government. Unlike his predecessor, Townshend was not concerned with the subtleties of the rights of American colonists. Townshend wanted to strengthen the power of the British parliament which would simultaneously strengthen the power of royal officials. He convinced the Parliament to pass a series of laws imposing new taxes on the colonists. These laws included special taxes on lead, paint, paper, glass and tea imported by colonists. In addition, the New York legislature was suspended until it agreed to quarter British soldiers.
The Acts also insured that colonial officials, including governors and judges, would receive their salaries directly from the Crown.
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In response to colonial protest and increasing attacks on colonial officials by the Sons of Liberty", Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for the Colonies, dispatched tow regiments-(4,000 troops), to restore order in Boston. The daily contact between British soldiers and colonists served to worsen relations.
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By Tim Morley
Click on images to see larger views.
Weapons played a big role in the Revolutionary
War. Without weapons, there probably couldn’t be a war. You can’t win a war
without weapons. There were many different kinds of weapons used in the war. But
no matter what kind of weapons you have, they would all do the same thing, hurt.
You can’t win a war without hurting the enemy.
One of the most commonly used weapons in the Revolution was the Musket. The musket was a big rifle size weapon with a very large bullet and barrel. Because of this, the Musket was very clumsy. The bullet was sphere shaped, and is about .71 mm in size. Now that may seem small, but it’s really big compared to a modern pistol at about .22 mm.
The Musket’s range and aim was very, very poor. The bullet was pushed out of the gun with great force, but not with much direction. In modern rifles, the sphere bullet is pushed and rolled out of the gun in a spiraling motion. This gives the rifle a strait shot hitting its target. It’s like a football, if you pick up an oversized football and throw it strait forward with no spiral like a shot-put, it won’t go very far and you probably won’t hit your target. This was how the Musket was. But if you throw the football forward with a nice spiral, like the modern rifle, it goes farther and you’ll probably hit what you’re aiming for.
The Musket became a real pain on the battle field. First off, it could barely hit anything, and second, it took a long time to reload. First, the soldier must remove the ramrod. Then he must insert the paper cartridge of gun powder into the barrel. Then he must pack it in with the ramrod, insert the bullet, pack that in, and put the ramrod back into it’s holder. The whole process took about a minute and a half, and that was a long time on a battle field.
Another frustration by the soldiers was fighting on rainy days. Often when the flint scrapes the metal and created a spark, the rain prevented the spark from burning the gun powder. As a result, more people were killed by bayonets than by gunfire.
The Musket was very simple when it came to how it worked. Sticking up near the top of the gun was a cock. The cock contained two clamps that held in a piece of flint. When the trigger was pulled, it jerked the cock forward scraping the flint against a piece of steel creating a spark. The spark caught the gun powder on fire and causes it to explode. This explosion then pushed the bullet out of the gun. The whole process takes about .1 ( one tenth)of a second.
Another kind of weapon used in the Revolutionary war is the pistol. Pistols were mostly used as personal weapons. Many officers and other commanding men would carry pistols. Pistols were very small, most about the size of a banana. Like the Musket, pistols have poor range and poor accuracy. The pistol was usually a .50 caliber gun. That was very big compared to modern guns, and it was much more clumsy.
The pistol was probably the one gun with the least range. You would probably have to stand no farther that fifteen feet away to hit something. If you stood any farther than that, you probably wouldn’t hit your target. Like the musket, the pistol contained a sphere shaped bullet and is pushed out like that of a musket. That means that like the Musket, a pistols aim is very poor.
Probably the most powerful weapon used in the war, was the cannon. A cannon shot a solid iron projectile at very high speed. The cannon was about 2-3 meters long ( variable size ) and some weighed over a ton.
Cannons were used in many field battles during the Revolutionary war. A field piece cannon was usually used in an open field battle. A field piece had a built in carriage so the cannon could be easily moved with horses. Most field pieces used a six-pound cannon ball.
Cannons were also used on ships of war. Every ship was equipped with at least two cannons. Many boats used the thirty-two-pound cannons like the one in the diagram. Others liked to have a farther range with lighter cannon balls. The cannons on ships varied from ship to ship.
Cannons also were used as defense in a fort. They were good at fending off invading troops and sometimes even ships. The thirty-two-pound cannon was usually used to defend forts because it brought a big punch to soldiers.
The last kind of weapon used in the war was the saber. The saber was mostly used by officers and generals. The saber’s main purpose was to basically direct troops in a land battle.
Sometimes they would use their sabers during a bayonet charge to stab enemy troops. Most generals didn’t do that however, because they were to be behind their attacking army directing it, not attacking with it. But officers do sometimes do that, so it’s good that they carry a saber.
Weapons were very important to the Revolutionary War. Without weapons, there would be no war. You can’t fight without weapons. Weapons were very important in the Revolutionary War, and are important to modern wars. Weapons are the key to winning wars.
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Colonist Respond With Boycott 1767
The
most tangible colonial protes to the Townshend Act was the revival of an
agreement not to import British goods, especially luxury products. The
Non-importation agreement slowly grew to include merchants in all of the
colonies, with the exception of New Hampshire. Within a year importation from
Britain dropped almost in half.
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Sons of Liberty Organized-1765
One of the American reactions to the stamp act was the creation of secret organizations throughout the colonies, known as the Sons of Liberty. Led by prominent citizens, they resorted to coerciion to force stamp agents to resign their posts.
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Stamp Tax Passed, Colonies Protest-
1765
The British, led by Prime Minister George Greenville, felt that the colonists should share some of the continued burden of sustaining British troops in the colonies. Greenville's first action was to order the navy to enforce the Navigation Acts. He then secured passage from the British parliament of the Sugar Act, which raised the duty on sugar and other items imported into the colonies.
Colonial protests forced the British to scale back the tariffs. The sugar tariffs were followed by the Quartering Act, forcing colonists to provide housing and food for British troops.
In 1765 a Stamp Tax was enacted. It imposed taxes on all legal documents (i.e. marriage licenses, newspapers, and 47 other documents). The colonists responded with vocal protests. Not only did these taxes hurt their pocketbooks, but they were highly visible (i.e. they were needed for every day transactions). In addition, to enforce the actions, the British announced that colonial offenders were to be tried in the hated Admiralty courts.
The protests, which grew, began developing new slogans­ including "No taxation without representation".
One result of the protests was the meeting of the Stamp Act Congress in New York, to which many of the colonies sent representatives. Many colonies agreed not to import any British goods until the Stamp Tax was repealed.
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In 1764 the British for the first time imposed a series of taxes designed specifically to raise revenue from the colonies. The tax whose official name was the American Revenue Act, became popularly known as the Sugar Act. On of its major components was the raising of tariff on sugar. The act was combined with a greater attempt to enforce the existing tariffs.
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Protests in the colonies against the Stamp Acts had died down when Parliament passed the Tea Act. The new act granted a monopoly on tea trade in the Americas to the East India Tea Company.
The Governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson, insisted that tea be unloaded in Boston, despite a boycott organized by the Sons of Liberty.
On the evening of December 16th, thousands of Bostonians and farmers from the surrounding countryside packed into the Old South Meeting house to hear Samuel Adams. Adams denounced the Governor for denying clearance for vessels wishing to leave with tea still on board. After his speech the crowd headed for the waterfront. From the crowd, 50 individuals emerged dressed as Indians. They boarded three vessels docked in the harbor and threw 90,000 pounds of tea overboard
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Coercive Acts Imposed By British 1774
The British were shocked by the destruction of the tea in Boston Harbor and other colonial protests.
The British parliament gave its speedy assent to a series of acts that became known as the "Coercive Acts"; or in the colonies as the "Intolerable Acts". These acts included the closing of the port of Boston, until such time as the East India tea company received compensation for the tea dumped into the harbor. The Royal governor took control over the Massachusetts government and would appoint all officials. Sheriffs would become royal appointees, as would juries. In addition, the British took the right to quarter soldiers anywhere in the colonies.
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First Continental Congress Meets 1774
The first Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, from September 5th to OCtober 26th 1774. The Congress sat in Carpenters Hall. They affirmed the right of the colonies to life, liberty and property. Fifty-six delegates attended, half of whom were lawyers.
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The British parliament repeased the Townshend duties on all but tea. Falling colonial imports and raising opposition convinced the British government that its policies were not working. The British government, led by Prime Minister Lord North, maintained the taxes on tea, in order to underscore the supremacy of parliament.
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