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a. Change of Size and/or Proportion – Starting with a basic grid, the structural subdivisions can gradually increase or decrease in size.
b. Change of Direction – The vertical or horizontal grid structural lines can be tilted.
c. Sliding – the vertical or horizontal structural lines can be made to slide regularly across the page.
d. Curving, Bending – the vertical or horizontal structural lines can be curved or bent gradually or regularly.
e. Reflecting – undulating structural forms that reflect the patterns upon each other.
f. Combining – Structural subdivisions can be combined to form complex shapes within the effects of the gradation
g. Further dividing – Structural subdivisions can be further divided into smaller, more complex shapes.
h. The Triangular Grid – Transform a triangular grid by varying the size and/or shape of the triangles.
i. The Hexagonal Grid – Transform a hexagonal grid by varying the size and/or shape of the hexagons.
j/k. Alternate Gradation – gradually changing the unit forms from opposite directions until they are interwoven together. The easiest way to achieve this is to divide the pattern area into odd and even row, the odd rows change in one direction and the even rows change in the opposite.